Associative activation

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Li 4 FeH 6 : iron-containing complex hydride with high gravimetric hydrogen density. APL Mater. Humphries, T. Recent advances in the electron complex transition metal hydrides of Ni, Fe, Co and Ru. Orgaz, E. Electronic structure of ternary ruthenium-based hydrides.

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Guan, H. For example, failing to stop at a store that is on the way home from work. Most of the route to the store is identical to the trip home. The trip home occurs more frequently. A capture error has occurred when you find yourself at home having meant to go to the store. Relevant information about the problem or task, along with other environmental factors are inputs to a person's cognitive black box. The output is some action or decision. Knowledge-based tasks involves a higher level of cognitive control than does skill-based.

In part, this is due to the way they are summoned by the conscious mind to perform acts without its intervention. The primary reason, however, is because they are quite unruly, often activating without being summoned, wandering away to become inactive if not immediately triggered, being cued into action by the wrong trigger, or missing their cue, leaving action in the hands of another demon.

It is this unruly nature which is the source of action slips. Complexity in assembly is measured by the difference between theoretical minimum operation times and projected actual operation times. Also called physical poka-yokes. A time series plot of process statistics used to monitor the stationarity of the process and detect when changes to the statistic appear to have occurred.

Often these limits are 3 standard deviations above and below the mean. When an observation is further from the mean than the control limit, one infers that a special cause of variation exists and that remedial action to control the process is appropriate. Synonym for fixed-value methods. The use of the color red to indicate caution or warning and the color green to indicate proper or acceptable status. You get out your credit card before placing a catalog order by phone.

You accidentally start dialing your credit card number instead of the phone number. Decouplers can be used for automated inspection. Time that would otherwise be idle is used to perform quality checks.

Often defects are those items that fall outside the tolerance or specification limits. The mind's description of the intended action is not precise enough. This slip usually is manifest as performing the right task on the wrong object like opening the cupboard door and looking for the carton of milk. Hinckley shows that use of design-for-manufacturability and assembly can be linked to improved quality. See also producibility triad. Reason provides a fourth category, not mentioned by Sellen, detection by others.

This corresponds to Shingo's successive-checks. The usage of deterministic here is not the opposite of stochastic. Rather deterministic is the adjective meaning "of determinism," or of "the doctrine that everything is entirely determined by a sequence of causes" Webster's Dictionary. An approach to manufacturing based on the belief that "there is a specific reason or set of reasons for the condition of the quality of the output of a process.

The mechanism where attention is captured by some distraction and some triggering cue is missed, and the activity is captured by the most active schema usually the most commonly used alternative leading away from the point where the cue was overlooked. See capture errors. These factors can include ergonomic factors, lighting, temperature, work pace, fatigue, etc. When the workers jump to wrong conclusion because they are not familiar with the situation.

The execution of a prohibited action, the failure to correctly perform a required action or the misinterpretation of information essential to the correct execution of an action.

These are often categorized as slips and mistakes depending on whether the intent was correct. See Slips and mistakes. Errors that occur because no instructions or standards exist. Actions are slowed down due to delays in judgment which result in error. Situation is misjudged either because assessment was performed too quickly or from too far away.

Errors that result from lack of experience. Failure mode and effects analysis is normal done on a form which also facilitates the prioritization and management of remedial actions to reduce the occurrence of failure modes or minimize their effects.

The fault or major failure being analyzed is identified as the "top event. See also baka-yoke. Errors that result from not concentrating and forgetting things. He refers to this enhanced framework as a generic error modeling system GEMS. Since many of the fly Ors are tuned to a variety of odorants, a given odorant tends to activate multiple types of Ors 12 , 13 , Consequently, conventional olfactory conditioning leads to activation of multiple classes of ORNs transmitting complex combinatorial codes to the memory centers.

By contrast, our results demonstrate that targeted stimulation of only a single type of ORNs is sufficient to induce olfactory memory that is indistinguishable from memory induced by the activation of multiple ORNs. Previous studies showed that larvae with only single type ORNs are able to exhibit robust chemotactic responses By extending this observation, our results reveal the minimum elementary circuitry that mediates the induction of distinctive olfactory associative memory in the larval brain.

It has bee shown that Drosophila larvae exhibit positive chemotaxis toward variety of odorants, and associative conditioning with odor and sucrose produces olfactory memory with enhanced olfactory response to the CS odor 2 , 9. Studies in the adult flies have indicated that signaling of dopamine neurons is required for the generation of not only aversive memory but also appetitive memory 4 , 5 , 6 , 7.

Studies using mutations of the D1-DA receptor dDA1 suggest that DA signaling is also required for both aversive and appetitive learning in larvae 22 , While activation of OA neurons by the Tdc2 promoter is sufficient to produce appetitive memory in larvae this study and Schroll et al.

In conclusion, we have developed a robust artificial stimulation technique that allows us to produce distinctive olfactory appetitive memory in fruit fly larvae by brief conditioning. Given its simplicity, our technique is applicable for in depth elucidation of the neurocircuitry mechanisms of memory in the fly brain in combination with other molecular genetic techniques such as the GAL4-UAS, RexA-lexAop or QF-QUAS expression systems 24 that allow targeted analysis of specific sets of neurons.

To make direct fusion between an Or-promoter and ChR2, we amplified the Or promoter sequences that have been utilized to construct Or-GAL4 lines and characterized to show Or-specific expression in the larval brain 14 , The promoter sequence of Or83b base pairs was amplified based on the sequence used in Or83b-GAL4 The promoter sequences of Or42b base pairs , Or24a base pairs , and Or82a base pairs were amplified based on the sequences used in the respective Or-GAL4 lines The Or-promoter fragment was inserted upstream of the ChR2 coding sequence in the derived vector construct.

Previous studies 2 , 18 , 19 demonstrated that this element drives specific expression in the larval OA neurons. We verified all the constructs by complete sequencing prior to germinal transformation, which was performed by Genetics Services, Inc. Sudbury, MA. A white w stock, w CS10 , outcrossed with Canton S at 10 times was used as the standard stock.

To ensure homogeneous genetic background, all the stocks were outcrossed to the w CS10 stock at least 5 times. Larval thermotactic behavior was tested on a 2. Larval olfactory response was tested as described 2. Optogenetic stimulation was performed according to the methods 26 , 27 with modifications.

Larval phototactic behaviors were tested on a 2. All authors reviewed the manuscript. We thank Drs. Hamada for plasmids. We are grateful to Mr. Kohei Takeda for his help in characterization of transformants and to Dr. Hiromu Tanimoto for helpful comments. We thank the Bloomington Stock Center for fly stocks. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Sci Rep. Published online Apr Find articles by Ken Honjo. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Feb 13; Accepted Apr 8. All rights reserved. The images in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the image credit; if the image is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder in order to reproduce the image.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Supplementary Information Video 1. In an additional experiment, we found increased semantic priming of immediate associations under high load and of remote associations under low load.

Taken together, these findings imply that activation of associations is an exploratory process by default, but is narrowed to exploiting the more immediate associations under conditions of high load.